Protest Movements in Kenya: Drivers, Dynamics, and Implications for Foreign Policy

Abstract

Kenya has recently seen a surge in protest movements, primarily fueled by socio-economic grievances tied to the Finance Bill 2024. The bill introduces significant tax reforms, including increases on fuel, housing, and digital services, exacerbating public dissatisfaction amid rising living costs. This study seeks to analyze the underlying drivers of these protests and examine their broader impact on Kenya’s domestic and foreign policies. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing primary data from interviews with key protest actors, including Generation Z, civil society organizations, labour unions, and political opposition groups. Secondary data from media reports, policy documents, and academic literature also inform the analysis. The findings highlight that Generation Z has been instrumental in mobilizing through digital platforms, while civil society organizations and labour unions have played critical advocacy roles. Political opposition groups have leveraged the protests to challenge the government. The study further reveals that the institutions. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on protest movements by offering insights into the role of youth activism, digital mobilization, and the intersection of the government's initial response, including symbolic reforms, which failed to appease the public. This has led to increased political instability strained relations with Western donors and international financial domestic discontent with foreign policy. In practice, it provides policymakers with a clearer understanding of the socio-economic triggers behind public unrest and highlights the need for more effective government responses. In terms of policy, the study suggests that Kenya may need to reassess its tax reforms and diplomatic engagements in light of domestic protests.